Land Acquisition Act 2013 – Disabling and Restricting Government from Acquisitio

An Act Disabling and Restricting Acquisition by the Government even for Defence, National Security and emergency situations arising from Natural Calamities

It is noteworthy that the Land Acquisition Act, 2013, has a far and wide operation. It includes:

"…strategic purposes relating to naval, military, air force, and armed forces of the Union, including central paramilitary forces or any work vital to national security or defence of India or state police, safety of the people…"

The Act says the provisions relating to land acquisition, compensation, rehabilitation and resettlement shall apply when the appropriate government acquires land for its own use, hold and control.  For these purposes also the Government has to consult the concerned Panchayat, Municipality, or Municipal Corporation at the village or ward level.

The Government needs to inform local people in the local language for commencement of consultation and of the social impact studies in a provided manner. The Government shall ensure that adequate representation has been given to the representatives of Panchayat, Gram Sabha, Municipalities or Municipal Corporation at the stage of carrying out the Social Impact Assessment study. The appropriate Government shall ensure the completion of this study within six months and it shall be made available to the public.

Now in this Assessment it will be decided as to whether the proposed acquisition serves public purpose, estimation of affected and likely to be displaced families, extent of lands, public and private houses, settlements and other common properties likely to be affected by the proposed acquisition, whether the extent of land proposed for acquisition is to the absolute bare minimum.... Read More

The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013, a Boon for Land Speculators

(an analysis by Shridev Sharma)

The history of acquiring immovable property goes back to the Bengal Regulation 1 of 1824, which was enacted by the British East India Company. Subsequently there were multiple enactments by different presidencies which were replaced by the Act of 1870. This Act too was amended in 1894, and existed until “The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013” replaced it.

The preamble to the Act reads:

“…to ensure, in consultation with institutions of local self-government and Gram Sabhas established under the Constitution, a humane, participative, informed and transparent process for land acquisition for industrialisation, development of essential infrastructural facilities and urbanisation with the least disturbance to the owners of the land and other affected families and provide just and fair compensation to the affected families whose land has been acquired or proposed to be acquired or are affected by such acquisition and make adequate provisions for such affected persons for their rehabilitation and resettlement and for ensuring that the cumulative outcome of compulsory acquisition should be that affected persons become partners in development leading to an improvement in their post acquisition social and economic status and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.”

Subsequent to the Act, Bill no. 20 of 2014 was introduced by the present government in the Lok Sabha. The bill became a subject matter for controversies and agitations, as the amendments proposed in the Bill were termed anti-farmers. The government seems to be softening up while going forward with the amendments.

One needs to go deeper into the provisions of the Act to understand the far-reaching negative implications of the Act on vital developments of the country. The Atomic Energy Act, 1962, The Land Acquisition (mines) Act, 1885, The Metro Railways (Construction of Works) Act, 1978, The National Highways Act, 1956, The Petroleum and Minerals Pipelines (Acquisition of Right of User in Land) Act, 1962, The Reliquinshing and Acquisition of Immovable Property Act, 1952, The Coal Bearing Areas Acquisition and Development Act, 1957, the Electricity Act, 2003, The Railways Act, 1989, among other Acts, were incorporated under the 4^th Schedule of this Act. According to Section 105(1), subject to subsection (3), the provisions of this Act shall not apply to enactments relating to Land Acquisition specified in Schedule 4.

Subsection (3) specifies that:

“The Central Government shall, by notification, within one year from the date of commencement of this Act, direct that any of the provision of this Act relating to the determination of compensation in accordance with the First Schedule and rehabilitation and resettlement specified in the Second and Third Schedule, being beneficial to the affected families, shall apply to the cases of land acquisition under the enactments specified in the Fourth Schedule, or shall apply with such exceptions or modifications that do not reduce the compensation or dilute the provisions of this Act relating to the compensation or rehabilitation, and resettlement as may be specified in the notification, as the case may be.“

In short, to establish any atomic energy plant, or to construct a metro railway, or for making a national highway or for laying out a petroleum or gas pipeline, or erecting power transmission lines, the government would be required to pay an award in rural areas of the market value of the land multiplied by the factor specified, plus the value of assets attached to the land and building, and a solatium. The final award in urban areas is similarly determined.

Thus, on an approximation, the government should be ready to cough up to about five times the market value of the land under acquisition for undertaking any project, besides providing for the rehabilitation, resettlement and entitlement for the land owners and families whose lives are wholly dependent on the land acquired, as well as the infrastructure and amenities.

The powers relating to the rehabilitation and resettlement of this Act shall also apply when a private company purchases land equal to or more than such limits in the rural or urban areas, as may be prescribed by the appropriate government, through private negotiation with owners of the land, the cost of which can be quantified into a monetary amount, which the collector shall allow to deposit into the account in complete satisfaction of the obligation.

One can image the scenario in the areas earmarked for laying petro or gas pipelines, or putting up an industrial corridor, or making national highways, if some shrewd players register the land at many-folds the current market value. As per the prescribed formula of the Act of 2013, this will escalate the compensation to unacceptable heights.

The Government needs to seriously make an endeavor in order to understand how much land it needs to acquire for the aforesaid vital infrastructure and, in view of non-regulation of speculation activities, what are going to be the implications on all such upcoming projects.